Displaced persons from Ukraine can live and work in EU countries under the Temporary Protection Directive (TPD). They also have access to healthcare, education and social assistance. The prolonged application of temporary protection has prompted debate in many countries. For example, about introducing a personal contribution or offering the possibility to switch to a permanent residence status.
EMN study | Temporary protection
How do EU Member States implement the Temporary Protection Directive for displaced persons from Ukraine?
6 November 2025
New study by the European Migration Network maps all policy changes (July 2023 - early 2025) regarding the rights and obligations of Ukrainians in each EU Member State and EMN Observer Country.
How do EU Member States implement the Temporary Protection Directive for displaced persons from Ukraine?
The study shows that many countries have gradually adjusted their national policies on temporary protection since the TPD came into force in 2022:
- an increasing number of countries set conditions for receiving an allowance, such as active participation in education, work or integration activities;
- some countries have reduced housing, healthcare and social assistance to keep temporary protection affordable;
- several countries have introduced, or plan to introduce, a personal contribution for housing and meals, usually only for people with sufficient income;
- a minority of countries facilitate the transition from temporary protection to an alternative residence status, mainly for Ukrainians who have a job.
*Participating countries: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), Czechia (CZ), Germany (DE), Estonia (EE), Greece (EL), Finland (FI), France (FR), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Croatia (HR), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Latvia (LV), Malta (MT), the Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Slovenia (SI), Slovakia (SK), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE); Norway (NO); Serbia (RS)
